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Who names the calendar&#039,s months? How many calendars are there? Learn everything today!


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The History of the Calendar. Wherever you live, whatever language you speak, and however you fill your day — that day will be the same as everyone else’s, in one significant way. The sun will rise in the morning and set in the evening. The sun tends to be quite predictable and follows a regular anticipated cycle. We can set our watches by the sun — but a millennia ago, the sun bore a child — the calendar. Here are some interesting facts about the history of the Calendar. The Nature of the Sun Brought with it Enough Calendar History to Produce a Calendar. Very few things in this world can be depended on — but the sun is loyal, steady, and true. Its cycle is trustworthy year after year — making its emulation by all people through ages understandable. At the same time each month, the shape of the moon will change. It will start as a crescent that fills the night sky, then shrinks, a process that takes about thirty sunsets and sunrises. The stars, too, will move across the sky, returning to their original positions after about 365 of those sunrises and sunsets. Humans have noticed the night patterns for as long as they’ve had backs straight enough to stand and look to the sky. And they’ve tried to predict and measure those movements too, and for good reason. By counting days and the passage of the moon, they could predict changes in the weather. These ancient people could tell when winter was approaching by when the days would grow longer or shorter. They would know when to plant crops, when to look for particular animals, when their own animals were likely to give birth, and when to give thanks to the gods. Today, our history tells us to count those days to plan meetings, book vacations, plan events and a host of other things on our Calendars. Our history depends entirely on the use of a calendar to organize our days, now, in our time. In this guide, we’re going to look at how the calendar has developed and how we use it today. Calendars in Ancient Times. In 2013, British archeologists announced the discovery of what they claim as the world’s oldest calendar. The site at Warren Field in Scotland consists of twelve pits aligned with the southeast horizon. They pointed towards a hill associated with the sunrise on the midwinter solstice. Archeologists believe that hunter-gatherers used the pits to check the height and stage of the moon in order to track time in relation to the sun and the changing seasons. This image shows how the monument at Warren Field would have worked (V. Gaffney et al) The calendar in Scotland is about 10,000 years old, which makes the Warren Field in Scotland about twice as old as Stonehenge (discovered in 1978). People are more familiar with Stonehenge sight, an ancient stone circle in the south of England, which also aligns with the solstices. The challenge with interpreting these sights, though, is that Neolithic people created and built the sights at a time when there were no written records. Archeologists have looked at the shape and alignment of the stones and the contents of nearby burial sights to figure out what other practices were conducted here, and what other secrets the sights may hold. Stonehenge is more likely to have been a location for performing rituals at specific moments of the year than a way to keep track of time — although the structure is capable of being a calendar, also revealing times of the equinoxes and solstices — (which are not precisely the same thing). Recent findings show the Stonehenge sight was believed to hold curative, healing powers. Hunters might have used the Warren Field (Scotland) not only to give them “times of the year to plant or harvest,” but possibly to tell hunters when they could expect to start looking for particular kinds of migrating animals. Evidence for some abilities needed to wait for the start of civilization and the first written calendars. While early man might have used both sights used to mark time, some people say it’s unlikely that they used them to keep track of time permanently. The sights show that Neolithic peoples had a concrete concept of time passing and knew that cycles were predictable over time. Some sights indicate an ability to measure the passing of weeks or months. The History of the Babylonian Calendar. The first cities were formed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that originated in the Taurus mountains of southeastern Turkey. The headwaters diverge and run south through Syria and Iraq, and several tributaries are added from Iran before flowing into the Persian Gulf. Ur, which was founded around 3,800 BC, would once have been a coastal city. Changes to the landscape now place it more than 200 kilometers from the sea, but at one point the Ur III empire would have stretched up through much of modern Iraq, incorporating a number of smaller cities. Clay tablets marked by cuneiform writing indicate that before Ur incorporated them, those cities would have had their own calendars with their own names for the months of the year. Nippur, for example, had months called “du 6 -ku3 3, ” or “Shiny Mound,” and “kin- d inanna,” or “Work of Inanna.” The city of Umma had months that translate as “Harvest,” “Barley is at the quay” and “Firstfruit (offerings).” Each of the cities had a month called, “Extra,” that allowed them to reset the calendar in the same way as a leap year. Drawing by Theophilus Pinches (1856 -1934) of Sm. 162 (from CT 33 11) in the British Museum. Image: Calendar fragment from the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh ( you may wish to view this calendar on a site by the same name). The conquests of King Shulgi, who ruled in the 21 st century BC, united those calendars into the Umma calendar — and that calendar formed the basis of the Babylonian calendar. The Umma calendar, too, had twelve months and a thirteenth month every four years. The calendar starts in the spring, around March or April in the Gregorian calendar, with Araḫ Nisānu, the “Month of the Sanctuary.” That’s followed by the “Month of the Bull,” which corresponds with the zodiac sign Taurus. The seventh month is the “Month of the Beginning,” and it begins the second half of the year — and is followed by the “Month of Laying Foundations.” Babylonian weeks would not have been unfamiliar. Each seventh day was a rest day on which officials were prohibited from engaging in certain activities. For the Babylonian calendar — these same activities couldn’t be done on the 28 th day of each month, either. On each rest day, Babylonians made offerings to a different god. Perhaps the strangest aspect of a Babylonian month would have been the length of the last week. Each week lasted seven days, but during the lunar cycle, the month, lasting 29 or 30 days, made it so the last week of each month lasted eight or nine days. The History of the Egyptian Calendar. The Babylonian Empire lasted from around 1896 BC to 539 BC, reaching its peak during the reign of King Hammurabi (1792 BC to 1750 BC). At the same time that Babylonians were looking forward to the lengthy last weekend of the month, the Egyptian empire was growing in the west. Scholars dispute the existence of early Egyptian calendars based on the rise of Sirius or the presence of a year lasting 360 days. But it’s clear that as early as 3,000 BC, Egyptians were interested in the yearly cycle. What interested them most was the annual flooding of the Nile. Each year between May and August according to the Gregorian calendar, the monsoon brings heavy rains to the Ethiopian highlands south of Egypt. The waters flow into the Nile, causing the river to flood its banks. That flooding determined the size of the harvest. A system of dams and dikes drove the floodwater into fields to saturate the soil. The water that collected in the fields had to be sufficient to grow the crops through the dry season. A low flood meant a poor harvest. But the floods also determined the pattern of the year. Egyptians divided their calendar into three seasons. The Flood Season lasted from around June to September and was when the Nile flooded and the waters inundated the fields. “Emergence” lasted from around October to January. Finally, the Low Water or harvest season took place between February and May. During the early dynasties of Egyptian history, the months within those seasons had numbers —“First Month of the Flood,” “Second Month of The Flood,” and so on.













Find a date in history