<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">. Introduction</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">In modern steelmaking, achieving consistent casting quality, reduced reoxidation, minimized molten steel splashing, and stable flow control are priorities for both cost efficiency and product quality. The ladle shroud plays a critical role in achieving these objectives. As a functional refractory component installed between the ladle and tundish, the ladle shroud ensures the controlled, protected, and turbulence-reduced transfer of molten steel.

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">While the design and material composition of ladle shrouds&mdash;typically alumina-carbon, alumina-zirconia-carbon, or zirconia-based&mdash;are vital to performance, the correct usage, handling, installation, and operational coordination also determine service life and casting quality outcomes. Improper usage of the ladle shroud may result in reoxidation inclusions, clogging, steel level fluctuations, or even catastrophic failures.

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">This article offers a comprehensive and systematic guide on how to use the ladle shroud effectively in the continuous casting process. It includes pre-operation preparation, installation, sealing methods, alignment, casting operation considerations, maintenance, safety precautions, and common troubleshooting.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">2. Understanding the Function of the Ladle Shroud</h2>


<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Before learning to use the ladle shroud, it is essential to understand its operational purpose.

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The ladle shroud functions to:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">shield molten steel from atmospheric oxygen during transfer

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">prevent nitrogen pickup and steel reoxidation

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">minimize turbulence and splashing

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">maintain laminar flow conditions

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">connect ladle nozzle and tundish safely

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">protect molten steel purity and reduce inclusions

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reduce thermal losses and steel temperature drop

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">prevent slag entrapment

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">In essence, correct ladle shroud application ensures cleaner steel, higher casting quality, and reduced refractory wear.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">3. Preparations Before Using the Ladle Shroud</h2>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">3.1 Inspection and Quality Verification</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Before installation:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">verify shroud integrity (no cracks, chips, or internal defects)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">confirm dimensional tolerances

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">inspect seating surfaces

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">check for contamination

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">verify anti-oxidation or coating layers

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Dimensional accuracy and surface finishing are critical for sealing and flow stability.

<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">3.2 Preheating and Conditioning</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Depending on refractory material and steel plant practice:

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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">some shrouds require controlled pre-heating

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">others are designed for cold installation

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Improper thermal handling can cause:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">thermal shock

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">cracking

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">spalling

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The use of warming chambers or ladle turret heating systems may be required.

<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">3.3 Preparation of Ancillary Components</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Before installation, ensure readiness of:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">connection flange

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">shroud holder

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">sealing gasket or refractory paste

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">safety locking pins

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">alignment fixtures

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The sealing interface is particularly critical.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">4. Installation of the Ladle Shroud</h2>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">4.1 Correct Mounting Procedure</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The shroud is typically mounted under the ladle nozzle, requiring:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">lifting tools (mechanical clamps, cranes)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">edge protection to avoid chipping

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">secure alignment jigs

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Ensure that the connection surface between shroud and ladle nozzle is:

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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">clean and dust-free

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">free of slag or refractory debris

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">level and flush

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">4.2 Sealing</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The sealing method is crucial to avoid oxygen ingress:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">refractory gaskets (ceramic fiber, calcium silicate)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">refractory paste

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">metallic clamps

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">mechanical compression systems

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Gasket thickness should be consistent to maintain sealing and avoid steel leakage.

<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">4.3 Alignment</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<div class="mediaplugin mediaplugin_videojs d-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
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<div class="video-js vjs-paused vjs-fluid id_videojs_69461565efdff_5-dimensions vjs-controls-enabled vjs-touch-enabled vjs-workinghover vjs-v7 vjs-user-active vjs-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe id="609800436" class="vjs-tech" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 100%;" title="ladle shroud ready to enter the furnace to heat up #ladleshroud #refractorymaterials" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AJ3Dt9R2Rh8?controls=0&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=0&fs=0&hl=en&enablejsapi=1&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg&widgetid=1&forigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fentryid%3D28390&aoriginsup=1&gporigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fuserid%3D7864&vf=1" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" data-gtm-yt-inspected-10="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="vjs-poster" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<div class="vjs-text-track-display" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<span class="vjs-control-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Play Video</span></div>
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<div class="mediaplugin mediaplugin_videojs d-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
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<div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe id="84824589" class="vjs-tech" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 100%;" title="ladle shroud ready to enter the furnace to heat up #ladleshroud #refractorymaterials" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AJ3Dt9R2Rh8?controls=0&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=0&fs=0&hl=en&enablejsapi=1&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg&widgetid=2&forigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fentryid%3D28390&aoriginsup=1&gporigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fuserid%3D7864&vf=1" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" data-gtm-yt-inspected-10="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="vjs-poster" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<div class="vjs-text-track-display" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<span class="vjs-control-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Play Video</span></div>
</div>
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Proper alignment ensures:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">smooth nozzle flow

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reduced turbulence in tundish

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">avoidance of collisions with tundish impact pad

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">uniform casting stream

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Laser or mechanical alignment tools may be used to position the shroud vertically.

<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">4.4 Safety Locking</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Safety devices are used to prevent:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">accidental disconnection

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">movement during casting

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">mechanical vibrations

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Locking pins must be positioned securely.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">5. Immersion and Connection with the Tundish</h2>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">5.1 Immersion Technique</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Correct immersion technique minimizes:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">thermal shock

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">slag entrapment

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">splashing

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Best practices include:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">entering tundish through slag-free area

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">avoiding impact pad collision

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">controlled descending speed

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">5.2 Maintaining Immersion Depth</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<div class="mediaplugin mediaplugin_videojs d-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="video-js vjs-paused vjs-fluid id_videojs_69461565eff4b_7-dimensions vjs-controls-enabled vjs-touch-enabled vjs-workinghover vjs-v7 vjs-user-active vjs-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe id="10234421" class="vjs-tech" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 100%;" title="the ladle shroud and SEN in the isostatic machine #ladleshroud #sen" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EmNn8E3hRdo?controls=0&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=0&fs=0&hl=en&enablejsapi=1&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg&widgetid=3&forigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fentryid%3D28390&aoriginsup=1&gporigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fuserid%3D7864&vf=1" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" data-gtm-yt-inspected-10="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="vjs-poster" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<div class="vjs-text-track-display" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<span class="vjs-control-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Play Video</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The ladle shroud tip should remain submerged:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">below the tundish slag-metal interface

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">above the tundish bottom impact pad

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Typical immersion depth ranges from 80 to 200 mm, depending on design and tundish steel height.

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Incorrect depth results in:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reoxidation (if too shallow)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">excessive turbulence (if too deep)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">slag entrapment (surface touching slag)

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">6. Operational Considerations During Casting</h2>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">6.1 Controlling Flow Rate and Start-Up</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">At casting start:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">open nozzle gradually

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">allow the shroud to stabilize

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">monitor stream behavior

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">6.2 Avoiding Turbulence</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<div class="mediaplugin mediaplugin_videojs d-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="video-js vjs-paused vjs-fluid id_videojs_69461565efff7_8-dimensions vjs-controls-enabled vjs-touch-enabled vjs-workinghover vjs-v7 vjs-user-active vjs-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe id="99356777" class="vjs-tech" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 100%;" title="get a glimpse of our sub entry nozzle #refractorymaterials #subentrynozzle#isorefractory" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ctppROYzPuc?controls=0&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=0&fs=0&hl=en&enablejsapi=1&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg&widgetid=4&forigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fentryid%3D28390&aoriginsup=1&gporigin=https%3A%2F%2Fpnguotdtc.edu.pg%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3Fuserid%3D7864&vf=1" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" data-gtm-yt-inspected-10="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="vjs-poster" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<div class="vjs-text-track-display" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </div>
<span class="vjs-control-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Play Video</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Laminar flow is critical for:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reduced inclusion entrapment

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">lower refractory erosion

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">improved steel cleanliness

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Turbulence arises from:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">misaligned shroud

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">excessive casting speed

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">poor immersion depth

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">6.3 Avoiding Oxygen Aspiration</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Key factors:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">sealing integrity

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">immersion depth

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">steady stream

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">minimal vibration

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Oxygen ingress leads to:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">oxide inclusions

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">nozzle clogging

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">steel quality loss

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">6.4 Coordination with Other Functional Refractories</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The ladle shroud interacts with:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">ladle slide gate plate

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">tundish impact pad

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">SEN (sub entry nozzle)

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">tundish argon purging systems

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Proper coordination ensures balanced flow and reduced clogging.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">7. Maintenance and Inspection During Casting</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">

<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Operators must monitor:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">shroud position stability

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">leakage

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">slag entrainment

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">nozzle clogging symptoms

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">steel splash occurrence

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">stream shape and continuity

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Corrective actions may include:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">flow rate adjustment

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">argon purging increase

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">tundish level control

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">stream protection checks

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">8. End of Heat and Removal Procedure</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">When casting ends:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">close ladle slide gate fully

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">allow stream to stop

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">lift shroud carefully using lifting clamps

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">avoid rapid thermal shock during removal

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">After removal:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">inspect the shroud for wear patterns

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">evaluate erosion zones

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">document operational data for troubleshooting

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">9. Common Problems and Troubleshooting</h2>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">9.1 Oxygen Aspiration</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Cause:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">poor sealing

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">shallow immersion

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">cracked shroud

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Solution:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">improved sealing gaskets

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">immersion control

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">pre-inspection

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">9.2 Slag Entrapment</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Cause:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">immersion too deep or misplaced

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">slag layer disturbance

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Solution:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">adjust depth

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">avoid slag touching

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">9.3 Nozzle Clogging</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Causes:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">inclusion buildup

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reoxidation

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">inadequate argon purging

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Solutions:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">optimized steel composition

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">consistent argon flow

</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 1.75rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">9.4 Shroud Cracking or Spalling</h3>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Cause:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">thermal shock

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">mechanical impact

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">abrasive wear

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Solution:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">proper pre-heating

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">careful handling

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">10. Safety Considerations</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Working with the ladle shroud involves molten steel and high temperature. Safety requirements include:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">heat-resistant PPE

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">slag splash shields

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">fire protection systems

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">remote manipulation equipment

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">emergency disengagement mechanisms

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Operator training is essential.

<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">11. Factors Influencing Shroud Performance</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Performance depends on:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">refractory quality

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">zirconia or spinel content

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">carbon and antioxidant systems

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">surface finish

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">nozzle geometry

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">gasket design

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">tundish steel level

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">casting speed

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Higher-quality ladle shrouds often include:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">isostatic pressing

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">zirconia reinforcement

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">optimized pore distribution

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #111111; opacity: 0.25; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;" />
<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; color: #111111; font-size: 2rem; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif';">12. Best Practices Summary</h2>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">For optimal use:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">inspect before installation

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">pre-heat when required

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">apply proper sealing

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">align accurately

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">immerse steadily

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">maintain correct depth

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">monitor flow conditions

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">coordinate with SEN and tundish

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">ensure operator training

</li>
</ul>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Correct usage leads to:

<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: initial; list-style: initial; color: #111111; font-family: Poppins, Helvetica, 'sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">cleaner steel

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">longer sequence casting

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">reduced inclusions

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">stable flow

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">improved tundish life

</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem;">lower refractory consumption

</li>
</ul>
<hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; color: inherit; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-image: initia